iron jubilee

1)

а) железо ( элемент)

б) чёрный металл (железо, сталь, чугун)

- corrugated iron

- scrap iron

- wrought iron

2) железный метеорит

3) ( irons) разг.

а) "железки", "железяки"

б) столовые приборы (вилка, ложка, нож)

в) набор отмычек

4) ( irons) кандалы, оковы

- in irons

5) стремя

6) крюк; гарпун

- grappling iron

7) паяльник

8) утюг

- electric iron

9) сила, твёрдость, решительность

••

- iron in the fire

1)

а) железный

б) цвета железа

2) крепкий, сильный, здоровый

3)

а) несгибаемый, твёрдый, жёсткий

- iron hand

б) жестокий, безжалостный

4) металлический, резкий ( о звуке)

•

- iron man

1) покрывать железом

2) заковывать в кандалы

3)

а) гладить, утюжить

б) хорошо гладиться, утюжиться

•

- iron out

SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors

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Belling was educated at Burts Grammar School in Lostwithiel, Cornwall, and at Crossley Schools in Halifax, Yorkshire. In 1903 he was apprenticed to Crompton \& Co. at Chelmsford in Essex, the firm that in 1894 offered for sale the earliest electric heaters. These electric radiant panels were intended as heating radiators or cooking hotplates, but were not very successful because, being cast-iron panels into which heating wires had been embedded in enamel, they tended to fracture due to the different rates of thermal expansion of the iron and the enamel. Other designs of electric heaters followed, notably the introduction of large, sausage-shaped carbon filament bulbs fitted into a fire frame and backed by reflectors. This was the idea of H. Dowsing, a collaborator of Crompton, in 1904.

After qualifying in 1906, Belling left Crompton \& Co. and went to work for Ediswan at Ponders End in Hertfordshire. He left in 1912 to set up his own business, which he began in a small shed in Enfield. With a small staff and capital of £450, he took out his first patent for his wire-wound-former electric fire in the same year. The resistance wire, made from nickel-chrome alloy such as that patented in 1906 by A.L. Marsh, was coiled round a clay former. Six such bars were attached to a cast-iron frame with heating control knobs, and the device was marketed as the Standard Belling Fire. Advertised in 1912, the fire was an immediate success and was followed by many other variations. Improvements to the first model included wire safety guards, enamel finishes and a frame ornamented with copper and brass.

Belling turned his attention to hotplates, cookers, immersion heaters, electric irons, water urns and kettles, producing the Modernette Cooker (1919), the multi-parabola fire bar (1921), the plate and dish warmer (1924), the storage heater (1926) and the famous Baby Belling cookers, the first of which appeared in 1929. By 1955 business had developed so well that Belling opened another factory at Burnley, Lancashire. He partly underwrote, for the amount of £1 million, a proposed scientific technical college for the electrical industry at Enfield.

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SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Mining and extraction technology, Railways and locomotives

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The Wylam wagonway passed Newburn, and Hedley, who went to school at Wylam, must have been familiar with this wagonway from childhood. It had been built c.1748 to carry coal from Wylam Colliery to the navigable limit of the Tyne at Lemington. In 1805 Hedley was appointed viewer, or manager, of Wylam Colliery by Christopher Blackett, who had inherited the colliery and wagonway in 1800. Unlike most Tyneside wagonways, the gradient of the Wylam line was insufficient for loaded wagons to run down by gravity and they had to be hauled by horses. Blackett had a locomotive, of the type designed by Richard Trevithick, built at Gateshead as early as 1804 but did not take delivery, probably because his wooden track was not strong enough. In 1808 Blackett and Hedley relaid the wagonway with plate rails of the type promoted by Benjamin Outram, and in 1812, following successful introduction of locomotives at Middleton by John Blenkinsop, Blackett asked Hedley to investigate the feasibility of locomotives at Wylam. The expense of re-laying with rack rails was unwelcome, and Hedley experimented to find out the relationship between the weight of a locomotive and the load it could move relying on its adhesion weight alone. He used first a model test carriage, which survives at the Science Museum, London, and then used a full-sized test carriage laden with weights in varying quantities and propelled by men turning handles. Having apparently satisfied himself on this point, he had a locomotive incorporating the frames and wheels of the test carriage built. The work was done at Wylam by Thomas Waters, who was familiar with the 1804 locomotive, Timothy Hackworth, foreman smith, and Jonathan Forster, enginewright. This locomotive, with cast-iron boiler and single cylinder, was unsatisfactory: Hackworth and Forster then built another locomotive to Hedley's design, with a wrought-iron return-tube boiler, two vertical external cylinders and drive via overhead beams through pinions to the two axles. This locomotive probably came into use in the spring of 1814: it performed well and further examples of the type were built. Their axle loading, however, was too great for the track and from about 1815 each locomotive was mounted on two four-wheeled bogies, the bogie having recently been invented by William Chapman. Hedley eventually left Wylam in 1827 to devote himself to other colliery interests. He supported the construction of the Clarence Railway, opened in 1833, and sent his coal over it in trains hauled by his own locomotives. Two of his Wylam locomotives survive— Puffing Billy at the Science Museum, London, and Wylam Dilly at the Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh—though how much of these is original and how much dates from the period 1827–32, when the Wylam line was re-laid with edge rails and the locomotives reverted to four wheels (with flanges), is a matter of mild controversy.

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See also: Stephenson, George

A n.

1 [u] (chim.) argento

2 [u] argenteria; posate d'argento; oggetti d'argento: table silver, argenteria da tavola; to polish silver, lucidare l'argenteria

3 [u] monete d'argento: a bag of silver, un sacchetto di monete d'argento

4 [u] color argento

5 [u] (fotogr.) sale d'argento

6 ( sport) l'argento; medaglia d'argento

B a. attr.

d'argento; argenteo; argentino: a silver coin, una moneta d'argento; the silver moon, l'argentea luna; the silver age, l'età argentea ( della letteratura latina); a silver voice, una voce argentina

● silver anniversary = silver wedding ► sotto □ (fotogr.) silver bath, bagno di nitrato d'argento □ (bot.) silver birch ( Betula verrucosa), betulla bianca □ (pop. USA) silver bullet, soluzione miracolosa; toccasana □ (econ.) silver bullion, argento monetabile □ silver cleaner, apparecchio (o sostanza) per pulire l'argenteria □ (bot.) silver fir ( Abies alba), abete bianco □ silver foil, foglia (o lamina) d'argento; ( anche) stagnola □ (zool.) silver fox ( Vulpes fulva), volpe argentata □ silver frost = silver thaw ► sotto □ silver gilt, argento dorato □ silver-grey, grigio argento □ (miner.) silver glance, argentite □ silver hair, capelli argentei □ silver-haired, dai capelli argentei □ (metall.) silver iron, ghisa grigia □ silver jubilee, 25В° anniversario ( di regno, ecc.) □ silver leaf, foglia (o lamina) d'argento □ (fig.) silver lining, motivo di ottimismo; aspetto positivo (► cloud) □ silver medal, medaglia d'argento □ ( sport) silver medallist, medaglia d'argento ( il giocatore o la squadra) □ silver paper, stagnola □ silver plate, silverplate; oggetti ( vasellame, ecc.) placcati in argento □ silver-plated, placcato d'argento □ silver-plating, argentatura; placcatura d'argento □ (cinem.) silver screen, schermo argentato; il cinema □ (econ.) silver standard, monometallismo argenteo □ ( Canada) silver thaw, ghiaccio vetroso argenteo □ (fig. lett.) silver tongue, eloquenza □ (lett.) silver-tongued, assai eloquente □ (bot.) silver wattle ( Acacia dealbata), acacia argentata □ silver wedding, nozze d'argento □ (fig.) to be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth, essere nato con la camicia □ (fig.) to sell the family silver, vendere i gioielli di famiglia (fig.).

A v. t.

1 argentare

2 (fig.) inargentare: trees silvered with snow, alberi inargentati di neve

B v. i.

inargentarsi ( anche dei capelli)

n. [uc]

1 argentatura

2 (fig.) inargentatura.

- ankieterzy obchodzili mieszkania canvassers a. pollsters were going around the flats

- strażnik obchodził teren fabryki a guard was making rounds of a. was inspecting the factory grounds

- obejść dom dookoła to go a. walk (a)round the house

- obejść prawo przen. to evade the law

- co cię to obchodzi! it’s none of your business a. concern!

- czyjeś przeżycia nie obchodzą go he doesn’t care about other people’s experiences

- zła wiadomość bardzo go obeszła he was very concerned about a. with the bad news, the bad news really concerned him

- obchodzić jubileusz/urodziny to celebrate a jubilee a. an anniversary/one’s birthday

- obchodzić się z kimś dobrze/źle to treat sb well/badly

- umieć obchodzić się z aparatem fotograficznym/z bronią to be able to handle a. use a weapon/a camera

- obchodzić się bez okularów to do without glasses

- obejść się bez cudzej pomocy to do without sb’s help

- obejść się byle czym to make do with any old thing pot.

■ obchodzi mnie/ich to/on tyle, co zeszłoroczny śnieg I/they don’t give a hoot about it/him

- nie obejdzie/obeszło się bez awantury the row is/was inevitable

- nie obejdzie/nie obeszło się bez ich pomocy their help is/was necessary

- obejdzie się! iron. no, thanks!

- obejść się smakiem to leave empty-handed